Hindustani classical music
- Natyashastra, Brihaddeshi (raga concept), Sangita Ratnakara of Sarngadeva (thirteenth century) as the common root of both systems
- Dhrupad: oldest surviving Hindustani form, devotional and spiritual, alap with Sanskrit mantra syllables (nom-tom), Gwalior court of Man Singh Tomar, Dagar tradition
- Tansen: born Gwalior, court of Akbar who gave the title Mian, Dhrupads on Hindu gods and on patrons, ragas such as Miyan ki Malhar and Darbari
- Khayal thumri tappa
- Gharanas
- Bhatkhande paluskar