Centres of learning and education
- Buddhist mahaviharas
- Gurukula and agrahara, ghatikas attached to temples (Kanchi), Sharada Peeth in Kashmir, Ujjain and Varanasi, temple colleges of the Cholas (Ennayiram)
- Madrasas and maktabs under the Sultanate and Mughals (Firuz Shah's madrasa, Mahmud Gawan's Bidar madrasa, Akbar's curriculum reform)
- Transmission of Buddhism and Indian learning to China, Tibet and South-east Asia; Indian numerals to the Arab world; Sanskrit inscriptions of Southeast Asia