UPSC · Prelims and Mains
Ancient and Medieval History, Art and Culture
← Religion and philosophyMahavira, Jain doctrine and sects
- Vardhamana Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta or Nayaputta) as the twenty-fourth tirthankara; Parshvanatha as historical predecessor; Rishabha
- Jain ethical discipline and knowledge
- Life and non-life in Jain philosophy
- Four states of existence (gati): deva (gods), manushya (humans), tiryancha (animals and plants), naraka (hell beings); yakshas are not a gati
- Split after Bhadrabahu and Sthulabhadra; Digambara sub-sects (Bisapanthi, Terapanthi, Taranpanthi) and Shvetambara sub-sects (Murtipujaka, Sthanakvasi, Terapanthi); Sthanakvasi rejects idol worship
- Councils at Pataliputra and Valabhi; spread to Karnataka (Bhadrabahu, Chandragupta at Shravanabelagola), Gujarat (Kumarapala, Hemachandra), Kalinga (Kharavela)
- Shravanabelagola, Dilwara, Ranakpur, Palitana (Shatrunjaya), Girnar, Sammed Shikhar, Udayagiri-Khandagiri, Sittanavasal, Ellora Jain caves
