UPSC · Prelims and Mains
Ancient and Medieval History, Art and Culture
← Religion and philosophySufism in India
- Tasawwuf, wahdat-ul-wujud, zikr (recollection with breath control), muraqaba (meditation), chilla (forty-day solitary austerities), sama and qawwali to arouse ecstasy
- Chishtis: Moinuddin Chishti (Ajmer), Bakhtiyar Kaki, Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar (Ajodhan), Nizamuddin Auliya (Delhi), Nasiruddin Chiragh, Gesudaraz (Gulbarga); distance from the state, khanqah, langar
- Suhrawardi qadiri naqshbandi
- Terms: pir, murid, khalifa, wali, dargah, ziyarat, urs, be-shara and ba-shara orders, Qalandars and Madaris as wandering antinomian groups
- Sufi interaction with Bhakti and vernacular literature; Sultans and Sufis; Akbar's Chishti devotion and sulh-i-kul; Sayyids as Kulah-daran among the elite
- Sikhism and other faiths
- Sufi sources: manuals, malfuzat conversations, maktubat letters and tazkira biographies
