Forms of external financing
- Direct investment establishes control or significant influence
- Portfolio investment covers tradable securities outside direct investment and reserves
- Other investment includes loans, deposits and trade credit
- Indian FDI rules distinguish unlisted and listed-company equity
- Indian portfolio-equity rules use a separate listed-company threshold
- Automatic and government routes differ in prior approval
- Recorded FDI includes reinvested earnings and related-enterprise debt
- Original and remaining debt maturity answer different financing questions
- Borrower sector and debt currency are separate dimensions