Civil Services Prepby Garima Malik & Nitin Sangwan

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Environment, Ecology and Climate
International environmental cooperation
Conservation across migratory ranges

UPSC · Prelims and Mains

Environment, Ecology and Climate

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Environment, Ecology and Climate

Organisms, populations and ecological relationships
Ecosystem structure and functioning
Habitats, ecological boundaries and degradation
Biodiversity loss and conservation
Air pollution and noise
Water pollution, soil contamination and environmental health
Waste management and cleaner production
Climate change, mitigation and adaptation
International environmental cooperation
Environmental assessment and sustainable development
Indian conservation law and biodiversity access
Environmental clearances, forest diversion and remedies

← International environmental cooperation

Conservation across migratory ranges

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CMS coordinates states across an animal population’s migratory range
CMS Appendix I combines strict protection with limited exceptions
CMS Appendix II promotes agreements for international conservation
Migratory conservation requires connected habitat along the route

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