Health-care and research dilemmas
- Primacy of patient welfare
- Fair stewardship of health-care resources
- Clinical judgment protected from commercial interests
- Informed acceptance or refusal of care
- Participation when decision-making capacity is limited
- Patient confidentiality and minimum necessary disclosure
- Research benefit–risk assessment
- Relevant information for research participation
- Comprehension in research consent
- Voluntary research participation and withdrawal
- Ethics review of proposed consent exceptions
- Research data integrity and misconduct controls
- Reporting completed research irrespective of results
- Confidentiality of participant data
- Fair distribution of research benefits and burdens