UPSC · Prelims and Mains
Indian and World Geography
← OceanographyOcean temperature, salinity and density
- Factors of surface temperature: latitude, land-water distribution, winds, currents
- Vertical distribution: surface layer, thermocline, deep cold layer; polar contrast
- Salinity: sources and controls (evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, ice, currents)
- Salinity distribution: highest in the Red Sea and subtropical gyres, lowest in the Baltic and river mouths; vertical halocline
- Density of sea water and deep-water formation
