Arabs, Ghaznavids and Ghurids
- Arab conquest of Sind (712, Muhammad bin Qasim), Arab trade and transmission of Indian learning
- Mahmud of Ghazni's seventeen raids, Somnath (1025) and Al-Biruni's Kitab-ul-Hind describing Somnath and Indian society
- Muhammad Ghori: Tarain I (1191) and II (1192), Chandawar (1194), Bakhtiyar Khalji in Bihar and Bengal
- Causes of Rajput defeat: fragmentation, cavalry and tactics, social exclusiveness