Later Vedic transition to territorial states
- Eastward expansion into the doab, Painted Grey Ware, iron (shyama ayas), rice
- Janapadas and rashtra; rajasuya, ashvamedha, vajapeya; decline of sabha and samiti
- Hardening of four varnas, ashrama system, gotra and exogamy, decline of women's status
- Prajapati, Vishnu and Rudra rise; elaborate sacrifices; Upanishadic reaction