How foreign policies affect Indian interests
- Geopolitical trade restrictions can reduce market access and productivity gains
- Fragmented capital flows can restrict investment and raise financing risks
- Fragmentation can disrupt cross-border payment networks
- Restrictions on trade and investment can impede knowledge diffusion
- Trade and investment diversion need not produce a net national gain
- Fragmented critical-mineral trade can raise transition costs
- Industrial support abroad can trigger retaliation and policy spillovers
- Supplier diversification and narrow safeguards involve security–efficiency trade-offs
- Secondary sanctions can constrain third-country firms through market access