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General Science and Technology
Infection, immunity and diagnostic principles
Antimicrobial resistance
How microbes resist drugs

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General Science and Technology

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General Science and Technology

Matter, mixtures and chemical quantities
Atomic structure, bonding and reactions
Acids, metals and carbon compounds
Motion, forces and mechanical energy
Heat, sound and light
Electricity and magnetism
Cells and biological organisation
Nutrition, body systems and coordination
Reproduction, heredity and evolution
Infection, immunity and diagnostic principles
Classification of living organisms
Energy technologies and the nuclear fuel cycle
Biotechnology and genomic applications
Nanoscale materials and applications
Computers and communication networks
Space systems and Indian missions
Intellectual property and innovation
AI, robotics and emerging computing
Additive manufacturing
Indian scientific contributions and research capacity

← Antimicrobial resistance

How microbes resist drugs

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Reduced drug entry can protect a microbe
Efflux can remove a drug from a microbial cell
Microbial enzymes can inactivate a drug
Changed microbial targets can reduce drug binding
Alternative microbial processes can bypass a drug target

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