Consider the following communication technologies: 1. Closed-circuit Television 2. Radio Frequency Identification 3. Wireless Local Area Network. Which of the above are considered Short-Range devices/technologies?

1. Closed-circuit Television (CCTV): CCTV links cameras to monitors/recorders within a limited premises or local circuit; in UPSC’s broad classification, it is treated as a short-range communication/surveillance technology. Verdict: Yes.

2. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID uses radio waves over very short distances for identification and tracking. Verdict: Yes.

3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): WLAN/Wi‑Fi covers a limited local area such as a room, building, or campus. Verdict: Yes.

Hence, 1, 2 and 3 are considered short-range technologies in this question. My earlier exclusion of CCTV was too narrow; UPSC has used a broader functional classification here.