Rise of communalism: Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and separate electorates
- Simla deputation and muslim league 1906
- Hindu mahasabha and rss
- Separate electorates in 1909 and 1919 as a device to counter growing nationalism; the favours inherent in them rallied deprived classes; genesis of community-based alliances
- Bipan Chandra's stages: liberal communalism, then the two-nation stage, then extreme communalism; socio-economic roots and colonial encouragement
- Post-Khilafat riots of the 1920s, shuddhi and sangathan versus tabligh and tanzim, breakdown after the Nehru Report