Socio-religious reform and caste movements
- Rammohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj and Young Bengal
- Women's status: widow remarriage, education, age of consent
- Prarthana Samaj, Phule and reform in western India
- Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission and the Theosophical Society
- Reform among Muslims, Sikhs and Parsis
- Lower-caste and Dalit movements: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Ambedkar