UPSC · Prelims and Mains
Modern Indian History
← Company administration and colonial economyEconomic impact: handicrafts, commercial crops, plantations, railways
- Deindustrialisation: one-way free trade, loss of court patronage, ruin of weavers and artisans in the first half of the nineteenth century
- Shift to cash crops (cotton, jute, indigo, opium, wheat) for export; forced commercialisation and famine vulnerability
- Nij and ryoti indigo systems, planters' coercion, and the fall of indigo after synthetic dyes in the 1890s
- Tea, coffee and overseas plantations; indentured emigration and its abolition in 1917 to 1920
- Railways from 1853, guarantee system, telegraph and post, and their role in commercial penetration
- Mercantile monopoly 1757-1813, free-trade industrial capitalism 1813-1858, finance imperialism after 1858
- Modern industry under colonial rule: cotton and jute mills, indigenous enterprise, heavy-industry neglect, credit and tariff constraints
