Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent tribunal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021.

Administrative tribunals are specialised quasi-judicial bodies established to adjudicate disputes involving public administration and technical regulatory matters. They supplement the formal court system by providing accessible and expert adjudication. Need for administrative tribunals **Specialised expertise:** They deal with service, taxation, company, environmental and regulatory disputes requiring technical knowledge. **Speedier justice:** Flexible procedures and focused jurisdiction can reduce delays compared to regular courts. **Reduced judicial burden:** They help High Courts and subordinate courts manage their large pendency. **Affordable justice:** Less formal procedures and lower litigation costs improve access for citizens. **Administrative convenience:** Service-related disputes can be handled by bodies familiar with government rules and procedures. **Flexible adjudication:** Tribunals are not strictly bound by the technicalities of the Civil Procedure Code. **Expert participation:** Judicial members can be supported by technical and administrative experts.