In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?<br/>1. Fern<br/>2. Lichen<br/>3. Moss<br/>4. Mushroom<br/><br/>Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. Fern — Incorrect. Ferns generally need a substrate with humus/soil-like material for anchorage and moisture; they are not most likely to survive directly on bare surfaces without soil.

2. Lichen — Correct. Lichens are classic pioneer organisms and can grow on bare rocks, tree bark, and walls without soil.

3. Moss — Correct. Mosses can grow on rocks, walls, and tree trunks; they do not require true soil and absorb water directly from the surface/environment.

4. Mushroom — Incorrect. Mushrooms are fungi that usually grow on decaying organic matter or nutrient-rich substrate, not typically on bare surfaces without soil.

Hence, 2 and 3 are correct.