Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area?<br/>1. Global warming<br/>2. Fragmentation of habitat<br/>3. Invasion of alien species<br/>4. Promotion of vegetarianism<br/><br/>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

1. Global warming — It changes climate regimes, shifts species ranges, and can cause extinctions. Correct.

2. Fragmentation of habitat — It isolates populations, reduces gene flow, and increases local extinction risk. Correct.

3. Invasion of alien species — Invasive species can outcompete or prey upon native species and alter ecosystems. Correct.

4. Promotion of vegetarianism — In the UPSC key’s logic, large-scale promotion of vegetarianism can increase dependence on a narrower set of cultivated plant species/monocultures, indirectly affecting biodiversity. Taken as correct by UPSC.

Hence, as per the official UPSC answer key, all four are treated as threats in this question.