Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists'?

• (a) Swadeshi Movement: Correct. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement after the 1905 Partition of Bengal sharpened differences within the Congress, leading to the Surat Split (1907) between Moderates and Extremists.
• (b) Quit India Movement: Incorrect. It began in 1942 under गांधीजी; by then the Moderate-Extremist divide was long over and not its cause.
• (c) Non-Cooperation Movement: Incorrect. Launched in 1920, it was associated with Gandhi’s mass politics, not the emergence of Moderates and Extremists.
• (d) Civil Disobedience Movement: Incorrect. Started in 1930; it did not produce the Moderate-Extremist split in the Congress.

Answer: (a) Swadeshi Movement