UPSC Prelims · General Studies

Polity

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Amendment, basic structure, landmark judgments and doctrines (Part XX)

Amendment procedure (Art. 368)

Three modes: simple majority, special majority, special majority with ratification
Bill in either House, no joint sitting, President must assent
Provisions needing ratification by half the States (Art. 368(2) proviso)
Amend by addition, variation or repeal (Art. 368(1))
Changes by ordinary law: Art. 2-4, 169, Schedules 5-6, citizenship