Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford reforms) and dyarchy

Concepts to cover

1. Montagu declaration 1917 and Montford Report 1918 as constitutional reforms toward responsible government by stages
2. Dyarchy in provinces: reserved subjects (land revenue, police, administration of justice, finance, irrigation) under Governor and councillors; transferred subjects (local self-government, education, health, agriculture) under Indian ministers
3. Devolution Rules demarcating central and provincial subjects; bicameral central legislature (Council of State, Legislative Assembly) with direct election
4. Property-based franchise for about ten percent of adult men; separate electorates extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans; women's vote left to provinces (Madras 1921 first); separate electorates used to counter nationalism and draw communities to the state
5. High Commissioner for India in London, Public Service Commission to be set up (1926), statutory commission after ten years, Governor-General's certification and ordinance powers
6. Congress calls the reforms inadequate and disappointing; dyarchy unworkable; Muddiman Committee 1924