Permanent, Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements

Concepts to cover

1. Cornwallis's Permanent Settlement in Bengal: zamindars as proprietors, fixed revenue, sunset law and sale of estates on default
2. Ryotwari under Alexander Read and Thomas Munro in Madras, then Bombay: survey and assessment, pattas to ryots, revenue paid directly to the state, periodic revision
3. Mahalwari in North-Western Provinces and Punjab: Holt Mackenzie 1822 and Bird's revision, village or mahal as unit
4. Effects: rise of moneylenders and absentee landlords, mirasidars and tenants, Bengal zamindar sales, rigid cash demand
5. NCERT theme: Fifth Report 1813, Buchanan's surveys, Deccan Riots Commission as records of the countryside