UPSC Prelims · General Studies

Modern history

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Communalism and Partition

Rise of communalism: Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and separate electorates

Simla deputation to Minto October 1906 led by the Aga Khan; All India Muslim League founded Dhaka December 1906 under Nawab Salimullah; loyalist beginnings
Punjab Hindu Sabha 1909, All India Hindu Mahasabha 1915 (Madan Mohan Malaviya, later Savarkar 1937); RSS founded 1925 by Hedgewar
Separate electorates in 1909 and 1919 as a device to counter growing nationalism; the favours inherent in them rallied deprived classes; genesis of community-based alliances
Bipan Chandra's stages: liberal communalism, then the two-nation stage, then extreme communalism; socio-economic roots and colonial encouragement
Post-Khilafat riots of the 1920s, shuddhi and sangathan versus tabligh and tanzim, breakdown after the Nehru Report