Modern history

Concepts to cover

1. Deindustrialisation: one-way free trade, loss of court patronage, ruin of weavers and artisans in the first half of the nineteenth century
2. Shift to cash crops (cotton, jute, indigo, opium, wheat) for export; forced commercialisation and famine vulnerability
3. Nij and ryoti indigo systems, planters' coercion, and the fall of indigo after synthetic dyes in the 1890s
4. Tea, coffee and overseas plantations; indentured emigration and its abolition in 1917 to 1920
5. Railways from 1853, guarantee system, telegraph and post, and their role in commercial penetration
6. Mercantile monopoly 1757-1813, free-trade industrial capitalism 1813-1858, finance imperialism after 1858
7. Modern industry under colonial rule: cotton and jute mills, indigenous enterprise, heavy-industry neglect, credit and tariff constraints