Modern history

Concepts to cover

1. Factories Act 1881 (child labour, hours for children) and 1891 (women, weekly holiday); neither fixed wages nor allowed unions; Factory Act 1911
2. N.M. Lokhande's Bombay Mill Hands Association 1890 as the first labour organisation; Madras Labour Union 1918 of B.P. Wadia as the first formal union
3. All India Trade Union Congress 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as first president and Dewan Chaman Lal; Trade Unions Act 1926
4. Trade Disputes Act 1929: courts of inquiry and conciliation tribunals, strikes in public utilities banned; Bombay textile strike 1928 and Girni Kamgar Union; AITUC splits 1929 and 1931
5. INTUC 1947 by Congress; Hind Mazdoor Sabha 1948 founded by socialists Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujan and G.G. Mehta; UTUC 1949
6. Nationalists and the working class: economic exploitation, anti-imperialism and changing approaches to labour organisation