Geography

Concepts to cover

1. Endogenic and exogenic forces; gradation, degradation and aggradation
2. Diastrophism: orogenic and epeirogenic movements, earthquakes and volcanism as endogenic processes
3. Physical weathering: unloading, thermal expansion, frost wedging, salt weathering, exfoliation
4. Chemical weathering: solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation and reduction; rain water as agent
5. Biological weathering and the role of climate in weathering
6. Mass movements: slow (creep, solifluction), rapid (earthflow, mudflow, debris avalanche), landslides
7. Erosion, transportation and deposition by geomorphic agents
8. Significance of weathering: soil formation, enrichment of ores, biomes