Geography

Concepts to cover

1. Causes: deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying, over-irrigation and waterlogging, industrial effluents
2. Ravines and gully erosion of the Chambal and Yamuna badlands; sheet erosion on the Deccan
3. Saline and alkaline lands of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh from canal irrigation
4. Conservation: contour ploughing and bunding, terrace farming in hills, strip cropping, shelter belts, afforestation, control of overgrazing