Geography

Concepts to cover

1. Factors of surface temperature: latitude, land-water distribution, winds, currents
2. Vertical distribution: surface layer, thermocline, deep cold layer; polar contrast
3. Salinity: sources and controls (evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, ice, currents)
4. Salinity distribution: highest in the Red Sea and subtropical gyres, lowest in the Baltic and river mouths; vertical halocline
5. Density of sea water and deep-water formation