UPSC Prelims · General Studies

Ancient, medieval & culture

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Indian art and culture / Architecture

Dravida temples: Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara and Nayaka

Pallava phases: Mahendra (caves), Mamalla (rathas, Arjuna's Penance), Rajasimha (Shore, Kailasanatha Kanchi), Nandivarman (Vaikuntha Perumal)
Chola temples: Brihadisvara Thanjavur (Rajaraja), Gangaikondacholapuram (Rajendra), Airavatesvara Darasuram; Great Living Chola Temples (UNESCO)
Vimana, gopuram, prakara, mandapa, tank; storeyed pyramidal tower; guardian dvarapalas
Pandya contribution: tall gopurams, Srirangam and Madurai enlargements
Vijayanagara: kalyana mandapa, Raya gopuram, Vitthala and Virupaksha temples, Hazara Rama, Lepakshi; Nayaka: Meenakshi Madurai, thousand-pillar halls