Ancient, medieval & culture

Concepts to cover

1. Vardhamana Mahavira (Nigantha Nataputta or Nayaputta) as the twenty-fourth tirthankara; Parshvanatha as historical predecessor; Rishabha
2. Triratna, five vows, anekantavada and syadvada, karma as matter clinging to the soul, penance and ahimsa, kevala jnana
3. Souls (jiva) in all beings including plants, rocks, water and other natural objects; ajiva categories
4. Four states of existence (gati): deva (gods), manushya (humans), tiryancha (animals and plants), naraka (hell beings); yakshas are not a gati
5. Split after Bhadrabahu and Sthulabhadra; Digambara sub-sects (Bisapanthi, Terapanthi, Taranpanthi) and Shvetambara sub-sects (Murtipujaka, Sthanakvasi, Terapanthi); Sthanakvasi rejects idol worship
6. Councils at Pataliputra and Valabhi; spread to Karnataka (Bhadrabahu, Chandragupta at Shravanabelagola), Gujarat (Kumarapala, Hemachandra), Kalinga (Kharavela)
7. Shravanabelagola, Dilwara, Ranakpur, Palitana (Shatrunjaya), Girnar, Sammed Shikhar, Udayagiri-Khandagiri, Sittanavasal, Ellora Jain caves